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The literary works, which is based
on syllabic meter like minstrel poetry different from
classical school of poetry, the oral literary works
whose owners can not be determined such as proverbs,
legends, tales, stories, anecdotes, lullabies, folksongs,
riddles, folk music forms, wailing are all under the
name of “Folk Literature”.
MINSTREL LITERATURE
Minstrel is a poet type which is seen from the beginning of 11th
and 12th centuries in Turkish Folk Literature.
It’s believed that the minstrel poet takes his poetry
power from his drinking the wine of love which his master
presented to him in his dream and dreaming the image
of his lover. “Folk poet” is used instead of “Folk minstrel”.
Folk mistrals have left many works having different
subjects. Since most of these works were told by illiterate
minstrels impromptu, some of them were forgotten and
some of them were protected. The folk poems of the minstrels
are told impromptu.
Folk poems having religion and Islamic mysticism subject are called
“Tekke (Dervish-lodge” Poems”.
MANİ (Turkish folk-music forms)
They are quatrains sang according
to the syllabic meter of generally whose teller are
nor known. Bayati word is used to call mani in Eastern
Anatolia. The rhyme order is a-a-b-a
Examples of
Mani’s
RIGMAROLE
These works are generally in the
children traditions and which can be produced with
main rhyme and rhymes and which are arranged according
to the similarities of sounds and words and whose
tellers are not known. They can be classified as.
-
Tale rigmarole
-
Play rigmarole
-
Ceremony rigmarole
Examples
of Rigmarole
FOLK SONGS
Folk song is the name mostly used
to show every kind of folk poem which is sung with a
melody in oral tradition of Turkey. Names of Lullabies,
wailing, folk poems, tunes can be used according to
the classifications of the words and tune in special
conditions.
Examples of
Folk Songs
LULLABY
These are literary works which are
sung to make the children sleep or to make them stop
crying with a simple language and syllabic meter and
with a melody.
Examples of
Lullabies
WAILING
These are literary works sung with
melodies which express the feelings of fright, anxiety,
sorrow and mutiny in cases of natural disasters, deaths,
illnesses and helplessness. Singing a wailing is called
crying a wailing and the one crying a wailing is called
“wailer”.
Examples of
Wailing
TALE
Is a type of expression which is imaginary,
is on unknown time and which does not aim to make the
listeners believe. To draw the attention of the listener
on the take rigmarole are told in the beginning in the
end or in some proper places.
Examples of
Tales
ANECTODES
Are the short literary works which
focus on the events of daily lives and which aims to
draw results from the told events and in which satire,
witty remorks and humor exist.
Examples of
Nasreddin Hodja
STORIES
Are a way of expressing Heal events
of life in a long form in which the sounds and mimics
are used in combination with melodies and saz.
They are divided into two groups according
to their dimensions.
1.Short stories
having a simple structure and which have been taken
from a legends, tales or real lives and which focus
only on an event. Telling them may take at most two
hours.
2.The stories
which focus on a group of crowded people, the unexpected
situations coming one by one and as a result, the difficult
events. This makes the story to be told in a longer
time. These stories may continue to be told 1-7 nights.
Examples
of Stories
RIDDLES
Are stereotyped words which asks about
natural events and human beings, the living things such
as animals and plants, goods, religious subjects and
motives; aiming to make associations. The equivalents
of these words are accepted without any dispute.
Examples
of Riddles
PROVERBS
Are the words that we have inherited
form our ancestors, that have a certain opinion and
whose tellers are not known and which are used in daily
languages.
Examples
of Proverbs
LEGENDS
Legends which are a sort of Folk
Literature, making a cultural transfer from past to
today, are one of the areas helping to contribute
the structure of human beings and cultural structure
that they produced. Is one of the types of literature
which is formed attributing supernatural characteristics
to real and imaginary beings, places and events, which
canalize the individual and social life of a person
with the belief that they are told as real, and whose
tellers are definite. They may be classified according
to their subjects as:
Examples of Legends
BLESSINGS
-
May God let nobody be in difficult
situation.
-
May God let you get what you desire.
-
May God let your child be brought up with mother and father.
-
May God give you blessed increase.
-
May God not let you in need of others help.
-
May you see happy days.
-
May God increase your knowledge
-
May God give you a long life
-
May your foot be lake, your head spring
-
May God forbid.
-
May you be great man
-
May your head be upright
-
You become successful in this matter, Congratulations.
-
Thank God, we have seen present days
-
Don’t you worry, may your life be spared.
-
My God do not spare your blessing on my child
-
Thank God
-
I am in very difficult situation, please save me my God.
-
Thank God, I am very well
-
May you see better days
-
May your turn come next
-
Every thing depends upon health, the rest is in vain.
-
May God give extra for you
-
I wish God, hope God, be that day today.
-
May God give you a harmonious living together.
-
May your hands never see trouble !
-
May it stay in your hand
-
May you marry and see better days
-
May it be as you wish
-
I wish you live as you like
-
May you pass away later
-
May God bless your fore fathers
-
May you live happily in your new home
-
May it bring you luck
-
Bon voyage
-
May “Hızır” visit you
-
Anybody who does good May God save him from bad luck
-
Let us say good, let it be good
-
May God have everybody to be charitable
-
May God save you accident and trouble
-
May nobody feel suffer
-
May God not give blind eyes
-
May God save you from bad things
-
May you not be eaten by everybody
-
May you be family with your son, neighbour with your daughter.
-
May your life be blessed
-
May you live happily in your country, may your mouth be sweet, may
it bring you good luck.
IMPRECATIONS (CURSES)
Imprecations (curses) are integral part of our daily life, very important
subject of folklore. Angers, hatreds, rages, irremediable
resistances from adults to minors, from minors to adults,
or between furious people have been reflected through
these cursing phrases. They are simple, sincere, clear.
Such words are a compound of hopes and hopelessness,
fears and joys, angers and repentances. Some of such
cursing words used in İnegöl are listed hereunder:
- May God give you thousands of trouble.
- May God curse you.
- May God put you in need of a slice of bread,
- May God punish you
- May God not make you unhappy
- God damn you
- God damned
- God, may your ankles broken.
- You may not attain your desire.
- May rock fall on your head.
- May he/she die
- May you fall down
- May you eat humble pie
- May a big rock fall on your head
- May you without head
- May your one day life one day
- May the devil take you
- Go to hell
- May you burn in fire of hell
- May you suffer greatly, if God pleases.
- May you feel much sorrow
- May you die
- May your tongue be held and not speak
- I wish your chin be broken
- May you burst
- May you be target for double bullets
- May you not find remedy for your trouble
- May a wasp sting your tongue
- May your trouble not be cured
- May you no longer speak
- May you hold your tongue
- May you be come mad
- May you get no benefit from my milk you suck
- May your hand and arm be broken off
- May your hand and leg be useless
- May blood drop on your hand
- May your hand and leg got entangled
- May you suffer from your children
- May you go but not return
- May you die.
- May your eye become blind
- May your eye’s light fade out
- You don’t make me happy, so you may not see better days
- May your greed never be satisfied
- I did not enjoy the advantage of it, it may not bring you benefit.
- You have spoiled my life, may your life be spoiled.
- May you have great harm
- “İrmiyesice”
- May Blind Devil curse you
- May your eardrum burst
- May you be unlucky
- May you be exterminated
- May you become baldheaded
- I have been deeply depressed, Damn you
- May you become penniless
- May you not attain your desire
- Whatever you have done, may you deserve the same
- May you be worst than me
- May your family become destroyed
- May your family die out
- I wish you were never born
- May you die because of me
- May he be frightened to death.
- May you burst out
- May you be broken to pieces
- May you suffer great misery.
- May you get baldheaded
- May their urine be stopped
- May your wickedness cease to exist only by your death
- Go to hell
NAMES, NICKNAMES AND CAUSES FOR
GIVING SUCH NAMES
Names and nicknames are symbols serving
people living in a society to know each other better
and to distinguish from one another. Names of ladies
usually consist of soft, sweet, melodic, pleasant and
good words to hear. Names of male are hard words suitable
for character of male. These words symbolise the strength
in life style of men.
Nicknames are encountered as much
more determining factor in distinguishing persons’
identity. Among causes for giving nicknames are included
such features as occupation, diligence, laziness, residential
area, ethnic root, jealousy, envy, physical characteristics,
attitude towards environment, saying handed down from
the past, etc.
Names used in İnegöl are the names
used nationwide in Turkey. Therefore we find it unnecessary
to give examples from them. Thinking that they may be
example for nicknames and reason for their giving, we
have contented with examples selected from the section
of folk. These examples may be listed as follows:
-
Acaroğulları:
Based on surname of “Acar”, which refers to all
members descending from the same family.
-
Akbabalar:
Members of the family whose surname is “Akbaba”
-
Almanyalılar (Those from
Germany): They are called
with this name because they lived in Germany for
a while.
-
Amet Çavuşlar: They
are called with this name because the father performed
his military service as sergeant
-
Arabacı Yaşar : He
is called with this name since he earns his life
by doing profession of riding wagon.
-
Ballıklı Sütçü Hasan: He is given this name because he came from the village of “Ballık”
and sold milk.
-
Bekçiler:
Occupation of father is watchman.
-
Belbeller:
Father of the family is barber.
-
Calgıcı Arif: He
is a musician who plays musical instruments in festivals.
-
Çargan Hatçe : This
name has been given her because she has spoken too
much.
-
Değirmenciler: They
are called with this name because they have a mills
in their village.
-
Elektrikçi Selimler: The person whose name is Selim has been called with this name because
all of his family performs the profession of electrical
works.
-
Ezan Dede:
He is called with this name because he goes to mosque
ten minutes before the time of “Ezan”
-
Fırıncılar: They
have their own bakeries.
-
Gölemenliler: This
family has been called with this name because they
have come from the village of “Gölemen”.
-
Habeş Osman: He
is called with name because he does not know what
to do.
-
Karabıyık Mustafa: He
has black moustaches
-
Koreliler:
Father of the family involved in the war of Korea
-
Kürt Yusuf:
He is given this name to understand his race.
-
Lümbeli Mustafa:
He has come from the village of “Lümbe”.
-
Pomak Ahmet:
Because his origin was “Pomak”
-
Sağarların Fatma:
This name is given to her because her father is
deaf.
-
Seyde Ağalar::
Because they have a lot of properties, this name
is given to them.
-
Şişko Fadime: She
has received this name because she is very fat
-
Tatarlar:
This family acquired this name because of their
Tatar origin.
-
Tekel Hatçe: She
received this name because she goes always to Tekel
(Monopoly) and buys items of monopoly.
-
Tilki Remzi: He
is given this name because of his cunningness like
fox.
-
Topal Sümko: meaning
cripple “Süleyman”.
-
Topçu Mustafa :
He is given this name because he set football.
-
Torunlar:
He is called with this name because he received
attention of everybody while walking with his grandchildren.
-
Uzun Caferler: Because
he is very tall he is called with this name.
-
Yılanlı Karı : She
is called with this name because it is believed
that a snake is present in her.
-
Sedirlinin Aziz Efendi (Mr.
Aziz from “Sedirli”).
-
Yağcıların Ahmet Ağa (Mr. Ahmet
from “Yağcılar”)
-
Kıl boyunun Ali Efendi ( Mr.
Ali of slender neck)
-
Çıravzın Ali
-
Tahta Pıcağın Ömer ( Ömer of
wooden knife)
-
Yorgansızın Üssün Oyma kapılının
Hüseyin ( Üssün of without quilt, Hüseyin of carved
door)
-
Altı aylığın Ali Bey (Mr. Ali
of six months)
HAGEM PUBLICATIONS ON FOLK LITERATURE
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